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French A2 - 08 Relative Pronouns (Qui, Que, Qu' & Où — Subject, Object, Place & Time)

Connect French sentences smoothly using relative pronouns Qui (subject), Que / Qu' (direct object), and Où (place & time), master Ce qui vs. Ce que and past participle agreement, and test yourself with 60 practice exercises.

📍 French A2 - 08
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1. Overview: How Do Relative Pronouns (Qui, Que, Qu', Où) Work in French A2?

In French A2, relative pronouns (les pronoms relatifs) connect two short sentences into one fluent sentence without repeating a noun. Unlike English—which chooses between who (people) and which/that (things)—French chooses between qui and que based on grammatical function (Subject vs. Direct Object), while où expresses Place or Time:

1. QUI = Subject (People & Things) Followed directly by a conjugated verb (and never elides):
La femme qui parle. / Le train qui arrive.
2. QUE / QU' = Direct Object (COD) Followed by a Subject + Verb (elides to qu' before a vowel):
Le livre que tu lis. / L'ami qu'elle invite.
3. OÙ = Place ("Where / In Which") Replaces a spatial phrase (dans, à, sur + lieu):
La ville où j'habite. / Le café où on va.
4. OÙ = Time ("When") Used after time nouns (le jour, l'année, le moment):
Le jour où il est né. (Never ✗ le jour quand!)

2. Complete Comparison Table: Qui vs. Que / Qu' vs. Où

Use this structural test to pick the right relative pronoun in seconds on DELF A2 and TEF exams:

Pronoun Grammatical Role What Follows the Blank? Elision Rule French A2 Model Sentences (Person & Thing)
qui Subject of the relative verb +(Pronoun) + Verb
(no new subject!)
Never elides!
(qui aime, qui habite)
Le client qui attend. / Le bus qui passe ici.
qui (after prep.) Preposition + Person Subject + Verb Never elides L'amie avec qui je voyage. / Le cousin chez qui je dors.
que / qu' Direct Object (COD) of the relative verb Subject + Verb Elides to qu' before vowel or mute h Le gâteau que je prépare. / La collègue qu'il appelle.
où (Place) Place Complement (where / in which) Subject + Verb (or inverted verb) Never elides Le quartier où nous habitons. / Le parc où jouent les enfants.
où (Time) Time Complement (when / on which) Subject + Verb Never elides Le jour où tu es arrivé. / L'hiver où il a tant neigé.

3. Essential French A2 Extensions: "Ce qui" vs. "Ce que" & Time Expressions with "Où"

When there is no specific noun antecedent—meaning English uses "what" ("that which")—French combines neutral ce with qui or que / qu':

Structure When to Use It English Equivalent Model French A2 Sentence
ce qui + Verb Subject of the following verb what (subject) Dis-moi ce qui te plaît. / Je sais ce qui s'est passé.
ce que / ce qu' + Subject + Verb Direct object of the following verb what (object) Je comprends ce que tu dis. / Prends ce qu'il te faut.
tout ce qui / tout ce que Everything that (subject vs. object) everything that / all that Tout ce qui brille. / Elle note tout ce qu'elle entend.
le jour où / le moment où / l'année où After any noun of time or season the day / moment / year when Je me souviens du jour où nous avons déménagé.
avec qui / pour qui / chez qui Preposition + human antecedent with whom / for whom / at whose home Voici le professeur avec qui nous travaillons.

4. Passé Composé Agreement with "Que / Qu'" & Top 3 DELF A2 Traps

Because que / qu' is a Direct Object (COD) placed before the verb, any verb in the passé composé with avoir inside the relative clause must agree in gender and number with the noun that que / qu' replaces:

Antecedent Gender & Number Relative Clause with QUE / QU' Past Participle Ending Complete French A2 Example
Masculine Singular (le film) que j'ai regardé — (base form) Le film que j'ai regardé hier était passionnant.
Feminine Singular (la robe) qu'elle a achetée + e La robe qu'elle a achetée pour la fête est superbe.
Masculine Plural (les billets) que nous avons réservés + s Voici les billets que nous avons réservés en ligne.
Feminine Plural (les photos) que tu as prises + es Les photos que tu as prises en Bretagne sont magnifiques.
⚠️ Top 3 DELF A2 & TEF Exam Traps to Avoid:
  • "Qui" Never Elides Before a Vowel: Students often write ✗ La personne qu'arrive. Remember: que elides to qu' before a vowel (le livre qu'il lit), but qui NEVER drops its i (la personne qui arrive, l'étudiant qui habite ici).
  • A Place Noun Does Not Automatically Take "Où": Ask what role the place plays in the second clause! If the place is a location complement (dans / à + lieu), use où (La ville où je vis). If it is the direct object of visiter / aimer / acheter, use que (La ville que j'ai visitée). If it is the subject of the verb, use qui (La ville qui organise le festival).
  • Never Write "Le jour quand": In French, quand is never used as a relative pronoun after a time noun. Always write le jour où, le moment où, l'année où, à l'époque où.
Ready to Practice French A2 Relative Pronouns (Qui, Que, Où)? Switch to Focus Mode to complete all 4 Relative Pronouns practice exercise stages (60 questions across 12 sets — study tables are hidden during practice so you can test yourself fairly).

Frequently Asked Questions — French A2 Relative Pronouns (Qui, Que, Où)

How do you choose between 'qui' and 'que' in French?

Look at the word immediately after the blank: 'qui' is the subject of the relative clause and is followed directly by a conjugated verb (or object pronoun + verb: 'la femme qui parle'). 'Que' (or 'qu'' before a vowel) is the direct object and is followed by a subject + verb ('le livre que tu lis'). Remember that both 'qui' and 'que' can refer to either people or things!

Does 'qui' ever become 'qu'' before a vowel in French?

Never! Only 'que' elides to 'qu'' before a vowel or mute h ('le film qu'il regarde'). 'Qui' never drops its 'i' ('l'homme qui attend', 'la voisine qui habite ici').

When do we use the relative pronoun 'où' in French?

'Où' replaces both a place complement ('la ville où j'habite' = the city where I live) and a time complement after nouns like le jour, le moment, l'année, l'époque ('le jour où nous sommes partis' = the day when we left — never 'le jour quand').

French A2 Relative Pronouns (Qui, Que, Qu' & Où) Practice Exercises

Exercise Set 1 of 12 (Items 1–5 of 60)

📖 Set 1 Connected Story: « Notre nouvel appartement à Bordeaux »

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